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Basic Anesthesia Review
Buku Basic Anesthesia Review membahas dasar-dasar ilmu anestesi, termasuk konsep penting dalam pemberian anestesi, penilaian pasien, pemantauan selama tindakan, serta prinsip keselamatan dalam praktik anestesi. Materinya membantu pembaca memahami berbagai aspek dasar yang berkaitan dengan anestesi dan perawatan pasien selama prosedur medis.\\r\\n\\r\\nBuku ini dapat menjadi bahan pembelajaran bagi mahasiswa kedokteran, tenaga kesehatan, maupun pembaca yang ingin memperoleh pemahaman mengenai prinsip dasar anestesi. Pembahasannya juga dapat digunakan sebagai bahan tinjauan untuk memperkuat pengetahuan dalam bidang anestesiologi.\\r\\n\\r\\nCONTENTS\\r\\nPreface xvii\\r\\nContributors xix\\r\\nBasic Sciences\\r\\n Part 1: Monitoring Methods \\r\\n 1. Vascular Pressures 3\\r\\nAmit Prabhakar and Adnan Raslan\\r\\n 2. Brain and Spinal Cord Function 5\\r\\nVicko Gluncic\\r\\n 3. Mixed Venous Oxygen Saturation 7\\r\\nHeather Christopherson and Ettore Crimi\\r\\n 4. Cardiac Output 9\\r\\nAdambeke Nwozuzu and Ettore Crimi\\r\\n 5. Coagulation Monitors 11\\r\\nChristopher Giordano and Gabriella Tom Williams\\r\\n 6. Ultrasound- Guided Placement of Vascular Catheters 14\\r\\nHarsh Rawal and Rany T. Abdallah\\r\\n 7. Point- of- Care Ultrasound (POCUS) 17\\r\\nHarsh Rawal and Rany T. Abdallah\\r\\n 8. ASA Monitoring Standards 19\\r\\nNikki Eden and Shobana Rajan\\r\\n Part 2: Ventilators \\r\\n 9. Continuous Positive Airway Pressure and Positive \\r\\nEnd- Expiratory Pressure 25\\r\\nBreethaa Janani Selvamani and Archit Sharma\\r\\n 10. Nebulizers, Humidifiers, Drug Delivery Systems 27\\r\\nNasir Hussain and Alaa Abd- Elsayed\\r\\n 11. Electrical, Fire, and Explosion Hazards 29\\r\\nSuleman Sheikh and Stacey Watt\\r\\n Part 3: Anesthesia Procedures, Methods, \\r\\nand Techniques \\r\\n 12. Controlled Hypotension 35\\r\\nAnthony Alexander and Feodor J. Gloss\\r\\n 13. Hyperbaric Medicine: Indications for and \\r\\nApplication of Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy 37\\r\\nDerek Brady Covington and Christopher Giordano\\r\\n 14. High- Altitude Anesthesia 39\\r\\nMark Dearden\\r\\n Part 4: Nervous System \\r\\n 15. Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems 45\\r\\nSyed Sohaib Nasim and Steven Minear\\r\\n 16. Drug Metabolism 47\\r\\nTheodore Jeske and Nebojsa Nick Knezevic\\r\\n 17. Intracranial Pressure 49\\r\\nJohn S. Shin and Timothy T. Bui\\r\\n 18. Brain Volume 51\\r\\nJohn S. Shin and Timothy T. Bui\\r\\n 19. Increased Intracranial Pressure and Herniation 53\\r\\nSyed Sohaib Nasim and Steven Minear\\r\\n 20. Electroencephalograms 54\\r\\nRany T. Abdallah and Gabriel M. Coleman\\r\\n 21. Evoked Potentials: Look at Effect of All Agents on \\r\\nSSEPs and Which Is Most Sensitive and Most Resistant 56\\r\\nTimothy Ford and Alaa Abd- Elsayed\\r\\nClinical Sciences \\r\\n Part 5: Regional Anesthesia \\r\\n 22. Common Complications of Local Anesthetics 61\\r\\nRewais B. Hanna and Alaa Abd- Elsayed\\r\\n 23. Peripheral and Autonomic Nerve Blocks 63\\r\\nJames Flaherty and Federico Jimenez- Ruiz\\r\\n 24. Autonomic Nerve Blocks: Stellate, Celiac, and \\r\\nLumbar Sympathetic 65\\r\\nSteven Ethier and Keth Pride\\r\\n 25. Peripheral Nerve Blocks (Head) 68\\r\\nKeth Pride and Scott Blaine\\r\\n 26. Peripheral Nerve Blocks (Neck) 70\\r\\nScott Blaine and Keth Pride\\r\\n 27. Extremity Nerve Blocks 72\\r\\nJames Flaherty and Federico Jimenez- Ruiz\\r\\n 28. Truncal Nerve Blocks 74\\r\\nElizabeth Scholzen and Lisa Klesius\\r\\n?????Oxford University Press?? viii • Contents\\r\\n \\r\\n 29. Spine- Related Procedures 78\\r\\nMary Ghaly and Sherif Zaky\\r\\n 30. Diagnosis and Management of Local Anesthetic \\r\\nSystemic Toxicity (LAST) 81\\r\\nKristopher M. Schroeder and Andrew Pfaff\\r\\n 31. Intravenous Lipid Emulsion Therapy and the \\r\\nAmerican Society of Regional Anesthesia Checklist \\r\\nfor Local Anesthetic Toxicity 84\\r\\nKristopher M. Schroeder and Andrew Pfaff\\r\\n 32. Role of Regional Anesthesia in Enhanced Recovery \\r\\nProtocols 86\\r\\nKristopher M. Schroeder and Andrew Pfaff\\r\\n 33. Innervation of Pelvic Structures 89\\r\\nPeter Yi and Kevin E. Vorenkamp\\r\\n Part 6: Pharmacology \\r\\n 34. General Concepts in Pharmacology 95\\r\\nDaniel Gonzalez Kapp\\r\\n 35. Pharmacogenetics and Genetic Factors in Drug \\r\\nDose- Response Relationships 97\\r\\nDaniel Gonzalez Kapp\\r\\n 36. Malignant Hyperthermia 99\\r\\nPeter Papapetrou and Kris Ferguson\\r\\n 37. Butyrylcholinesterase (Pseudocholinesterase) Deficiency 101\\r\\nBrian Harris and Kris Ferguson\\r\\n 38. Prolonged QT Syndrome 103\\r\\nKris Ferguson and Peter Papapetrou\\r\\n 39. Rapid Metabolizers 105\\r\\nNicholas M. Parker\\r\\n 40. Addiction 108\\r\\nAnuj A. Shah and Christine S. Zaky\\r\\n 41. Anesthetic Implications of Addiction 110\\r\\nBrian Harris and Kris Ferguson\\r\\n 42. Addiction Versus Tolerance 113\\r\\nAnuj A. Shah and Christine S. Zaky\\r\\n 43. CNS Drugs for Nonanesthetic Use 115\\r\\nNitin Sekhri and Kevin Hui\\r\\n 44. Nonsteroidal Anti- Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) 117\\r\\nLauren McGinty\\r\\n 45. Acetaminophen 120\\r\\nIfomachukwu Uzodinma\\r\\n 46. ?2\\r\\n- Agonists 122\\r\\nNimit K. Shah and Piotr Al-Jindi\\r\\n 47. Tranquilizers 125\\r\\nRohit Aiyer and Sarah Money\\r\\n 48. Antidepressants, Antiparkinson Drugs 126\\r\\nDustin Latimer and Elyse M. Cornett\\r\\n 49. Arousal Agents 128\\r\\nGreta Nemergut\\r\\n 50. Antiemetics 130\\r\\nJeffery James Eapen and Jason Bang\\r\\n 51. Antiaspiration Medications 132\\r\\nNimit K. Shah and Abed Rahman\\r\\n 52. Chronic Opioid Dependence and Therapy 135\\r\\nNicholas M. Parker\\r\\n 53. Sympathetic Nervous System: Anatomy, Drugs, \\r\\nReceptors, and Transmitters 137\\r\\nShelley George\\r\\n 54. Parasympathetic Nervous System: Anatomy, \\r\\nTransmitters, Receptors, Drugs 139\\r\\nMaria E. Munoz- Allen\\r\\n Part 7: Centr al Nervous System \\r\\n 55. Anatomy of the Nervous System 145\\r\\nTimothy Cutler and Sherif Zaky\\r\\n 56. Neurological Disorders 149\\r\\nMaryam Jowza and Dominika James\\r\\n 57. Musculoskeletal System 152\\r\\nSarah Money and Rohit Aiyer\\r\\n 58. Epilepsy 154\\r\\nMaryam Jowza and Dominika James\\r\\n 59. Coma: Diagnosis and Management 157\\r\\nHess Robertson and Philip G. Boysen\\r\\n 60. Therapeutic Barbiturate Coma 159\\r\\nSyed A. Rahman\\r\\n 61. Drug Intoxication 161\\r\\nSarah C. Smith\\r\\n 62. Paraplegia, Quadriplegia, Spinal Shock, \\r\\nAutonomic Hyperreflexia, Acute Spinal \\r\\nCord Injury 165\\r\\nPeter Papapetrou and Kris Ferguson\\r\\n 63. Airway Management in Cervical Spine Disease 167\\r\\nBalram Sharma and Evgeny Romanov\\r\\n 64. Tetanus 170\\r\\nPatrick Forrest\\r\\n 65. Positioning and Anesthesia in Sitting Position 172\\r\\nSohail K. Mahboobi and Alexander Rothkrug\\r\\n 66. Air Embolism 174\\r\\nSamuel Linares and Ned F. Nasr\\r\\n 67. Cerebral Protection 176\\r\\nRoy Kim and Alaa Abd- Elsayed\\r\\n 68. Intracranial Aneurysms and Arteriovenous \\r\\nMalformation 178\\r\\nKenan Alkhalili and Ned F. Nasr\\r\\n?????Oxford University Press?? Contents • i x\\r\\n \\r\\n 69. Interventional Neuroradiology 181\\r\\nKenan Alkhalili and Ned F. Nasr\\r\\n 70. Pituitary Adenomas 183\\r\\nBenjamin B. G. Mori and Ned F. Nasr\\r\\n 71. Fluid Management in Neurosurgery 186\\r\\nRotem Naftalovich and Daniel Denis\\r\\n 72. Spinal Fluid Drainage 188\\r\\nDeepak Agarwal and Lovkesh L. Arora\\r\\n 73. Stereotactic and Gamma- Knife Techniques, \\r\\nDeep Brain Stimulator Placement, Intraoperative \\r\\nWake- Up Techniques 190\\r\\nRoy Kim and Alaa Abd- Elsayed\\r\\n 74. Ventriculostomy 192\\r\\nRoy Kim and Alaa Abd- Elsayed\\r\\n 75. Awake Craniotomy 194\\r\\nJohn S. Shin and Timothy T. Bui\\r\\n 76. Postoperative Visual Loss 196\\r\\nCamila Teixeira and Steven Minear\\r\\n 77. Hypothermia 197\\r\\nJarrod Bang and Archit Sharma\\r\\n 78. Monitored Anesthesia Care and Sedation 199\\r\\nNikki Eden and Shobana Rajan\\r\\n Part 8: Respir atory System Anatomy \\r\\n 79. Divisions of Bronchoscopic Anatomy 205\\r\\nMatthew Gunst and Christopher Giordano\\r\\n 80. Bronchial and Pulmonary Circulations 207\\r\\nJordan Brewer and Christopher Giordano\\r\\n 81. Lung Mechanics 209\\r\\nEvan Davidson and Ettore Crimi\\r\\n 82. Normal Acid- Base Regulation 211\\r\\nErica Alcibiade and Maggie W. Mechlin\\r\\n 83. Effects of Imbalance on Electrolytes and Organ Perfusion 213\\r\\nSarah Maben\\r\\n 84. Strong Ionic Difference 214\\r\\nChristopher Giordano and Ravi Patel\\r\\n 85. Arterial Blood Gas Interpretation 217\\r\\nSarah Maben\\r\\n 86. The Anion Gap and Metabolic Acidosis 220\\r\\nScott Stayner and Kris Ferguson\\r\\n 87. Temperature Effect on Blood Gases: \\r\\nAlpha- Stat Versus pH- Stat 222\\r\\nSohail K. Mahboobi and Faraz Mahmood\\r\\n 88. Lung Function and Cell Processes 225\\r\\nAmit Prabhakar and Matt Warth\\r\\n 89. Ventilation- Perfusion 227\\r\\nJarrod Bang and Archit Sharma\\r\\n 90. Lung Volume 229\\r\\nSarah Helwege and Archit Sharma\\r\\n 91. Pulmonary Function Tests 231\\r\\nSarah Helwege and Archit Sharma\\r\\n Part 9: Clinical Science \\r\\n 92. Obstructive Lung Disease 237\\r\\nBryan J. Hierlmeier and Anesh Rugnath\\r\\n 93. Restrictive Lung Disease 239\\r\\nBinoy Samuel and Justin Merkow\\r\\n 94. Management of Patients With Respiratory \\r\\nDisease: Intraoperative Management 242\\r\\nDmitry Roberman and Felipe F. Suero\\r\\n 95. Respiratory Adjuncts: Heliox, Nitric Oxide, \\r\\nEpoprostenol, and Intraoperative Steroids 244\\r\\nMichelle McMaster\\r\\n 96. Preoperative Evaluation and Preparation of the \\r\\nPatient With Pulmonary Disease 246\\r\\nAnna- Kaye Brown and Ellen Hauck\\r\\n 97. Choice of Anesthesia/ Anesthetic Techniques \\r\\nin Thoracic Surgery 250\\r\\nCallan Bialorucki\\r\\n 98. Nonpulmonary Surgery, Including \\r\\nMediastinoscopy and Bronchoscopy 252\\r\\nChristopher O. Fadumiye\\r\\n 99. Thoracic and Pulmonary Surgery 254\\r\\nAl- Awwab Mohammad Dabaliz and \\r\\nChristina Stachur\\r\\n 100. Bronchopleural Fistula 256\\r\\nAdam Lepkowsky and Dane Coyne\\r\\n 101. Advanced Anesthesia Review: One- Lung Ventilation 258\\r\\nSohail K. Mahboobi and Dillon B. Coplai\\r\\n 102. Thoracoscopy 261\\r\\nAl- Awwab Mohammad Dabaliz and \\r\\nChristina Stachur\\r\\n 103. Postoperative Pain 263\\r\\nNasir Hussain and Tristan E. Weaver\\r\\n 104. Ventilator Support and Extubation Criteria 265\\r\\nBenjamin B. G. Mori and Abayomi Akintorin\\r\\n 105. Management of Respiratory Failure 269\\r\\nPhil Boysen and Patrick Newman\\r\\n 106. Mode of Ventilation 271\\r\\nKatarina Kapisoda and Ettore Crimi\\r\\n 107. BiPAP, Airway Pressure Release Ventilation, \\r\\nand Prone Ventilation 273\\r\\nNeisaliz Marrero- Figueroa and Ettore Crimi\\r\\n 108. Sleep Apnea 275\\r\\nSohail K. Mahboobi\\r\\n?????Oxford University Press?? x • Contents\\r\\n \\r\\n 109. Complications and Side Effects of Mechanical \\r\\nVentilation 277\\r\\nSohail K. Mahboobi and Mahad Sohail\\r\\n 110. Volutrauma, Barotrauma, and Biotrauma 279\\r\\nSohail K. Mahboobi and Joshua F. Bolanos\\r\\n 111. Management of Bronchospasm 281\\r\\nJeffery James Eapen and Jason Bang\\r\\n 112. Lung Transplantation 282\\r\\nYamah Amiri and Dinesh J. Kurian\\r\\n Part 10: Cardiovascular System Anatomy \\r\\n 113. Normal Anatomy of Heart and Major Vessels 289\\r\\nMarc Rodrigue and Subramanya Bandi\\r\\n 114. Echo Heart Anatomy 291\\r\\nChristina Gibson and Matthew McConnell\\r\\n 115. Cardiac Catheterization 299\\r\\nVirgilio de Gala and Iwan Sofjan\\r\\n Part 11: Clinical Sciences \\r\\n 116. Ischemic Heart Disease 303\\r\\nDaniel Ramirez Parga and Tatiana Jamroz\\r\\n 117. Coronary Artery Bypass Procedures 307\\r\\nAndaleeb A. Ahmed\\r\\n 118. Valvular Heart Disease 311\\r\\nMichael Morkos and Matthew McConnell\\r\\n 119. Subacute Bacterial Endocarditis Prophylaxis 314\\r\\nMelissa Anne Burger and Todd Everett Jones\\r\\n 120. Conduction Abnormalities and Rhythm Defects 317\\r\\nEllyn Gray and Archit Sharma\\r\\n 121. Pacemakers and Automated Implantable \\r\\nCardioverter/ Defibrillator (AICD) Implantation 320\\r\\nJayakar Guruswamy and Snigdha Parikh\\r\\n 122. Perioperative Implications of Pacemakers \\r\\nand AICDs 322\\r\\nJayakar Guruswamy and Snigdha Parikh\\r\\n 123. Ventricular Synchronization 325\\r\\nJayakar Guruswamy and Snigdha Parikh\\r\\n 124. Ablations, Cryotherapy, and Maze Procedure 327\\r\\nAnna Moskal\\r\\n 125. Heart Failure and Cardiomyopathy 331\\r\\nLovkesh L. Arora and Surangama Sharma\\r\\n 126. Systolic Versus Diastolic Dysfunction 333\\r\\nAndaleeb A. Ahmed and Sohail K. Mahboobi\\r\\n 127. Postobstructive Pulmonary Edema 336\\r\\nBenjamin Kloesel and Balazs Horvath\\r\\n 128. Pulmonary Hypertension 339\\r\\nFrank Barrack and Bryan Noorda\\r\\n 129. Heart Transplantation 341\\r\\nJames Leonardi and Daniel Cormican\\r\\n 130. Cardiac Tamponade 343\\r\\nRavi K. Grandhi and Alaa Abd- Elsayed\\r\\n 131. Constrictive Pericarditis 345\\r\\nRavi K. Grandhi and Alaa Abd- Elsayed\\r\\n 132. Mechanical Circulatory Assist Devices 346\\r\\nJames Leonardi and Daniel Cormican\\r\\n 133. Cardiopulmonary Bypass 348\\r\\nKim Sung and Lovkesh L. Arora\\r\\n 134. Myocardial Preservation During Cardiac Surgery 350\\r\\nJay Trusheim and Marisa Pappas\\r\\n 135. Preconditioning 352\\r\\nMada Helou and Ryan Nazemian\\r\\n 136. Off- Pump Coronary Artery Bypass (OPCAB) 354\\r\\nRyan Krebs and Joseph Sanders\\r\\n 137. Minimally Invasive Direct Coronary Artery \\r\\nBypass Grafting (MIDCAB) 355\\r\\nJohn K. Kim and Iwan Sofjan\\r\\n 138. Percutaneous Valve Repair/ Replacement 357\\r\\nAsif Neil Mohammed and Iordan Potchileev\\r\\n 139. Intra- Aortic Balloon Pumps 359\\r\\nFrank Barrack and Bryan Noorda\\r\\n 140. Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO) 361\\r\\nMichael Morkos and Daniel Cormican\\r\\n 141. Ventricular Assist Devices 363\\r\\nPriyanka H. Patel and Matthew McConnell\\r\\n 142. Pulmonary Embolism 366\\r\\nLovkesh L. Arora and Surangama Sharma\\r\\n 143. Pulmonary Edema 368\\r\\nSangini Punia and Lovkesh L. Arora\\r\\n 144. Hypertension 370\\r\\nKim Sung and Lovkesh L. Arora\\r\\n 145. Effect of Intracardiac Shunts on Inhalation \\r\\nInduction 372\\r\\nElie Geara and Caroline Alhaddadin\\r\\n Part 12: Vascular Diseases \\r\\n 146. Carotid Endarterectomy 377\\r\\nRavi K. Grandhi and Claire Joseph\\r\\n 147. Peripheral Arteriosclerotic Disease 379\\r\\nRacha Tadros and Nasir Hussain\\r\\n 148. Aortic Aneurysms 381\\r\\nJarrod Bang and Lovkesh L. Arora\\r\\n 149. Advanced Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation: \\r\\nAdults and Children 384\\r\\nDonnie Laborde\\r\\n?????Oxford University Press?? Contents • x i\\r\\n \\r\\n Part 13: Gastrointestinal and \\r\\nHepatic Systems \\r\\n 150. Parenteral Nutrition 391\\r\\nMohamed Fayed and Arif Valliani\\r\\n 151. Morbid Obesity/ Anesthesia for Bariatric Surgery 393\\r\\nVincent Roth and Christopher Giordano\\r\\n 152. Postoperative Hepatic Dysfunction 395\\r\\nPeter Nielson and Michael Kaufman\\r\\n 153. Liver Transplant Surgery 397\\r\\nJohn Mattimore and Michael Kaufman\\r\\n 154. Anesthesia for Upper and Lower GI Endoscopy 400\\r\\nEthan H. Leer\\r\\n Part 14: Renal and Urinary Systems/ \\r\\nElectrolyte Balance \\r\\n 155. Renal Anatomy 405\\r\\nErika Taco and Edward Noguera\\r\\n 156. Pathophysiology of Renal Disease 408\\r\\nErika Taco and Edward Noguera\\r\\n 157. Management in Renal Failure and Arteriovenous \\r\\n(AV) Shunts 412\\r\\nLacey Haugen and Jai Jani\\r\\n 158. Anesthetic Management of Kidney Transplantation 415\\r\\nMada Helou and Ryan Nazemian\\r\\n 159. Anesthesia for Extracorporeal Shock Wave \\r\\nLithotripsy 417\\r\\nAlain Harb and Elie Geara\\r\\n 160. Perioperative Oliguria and Anuria 419\\r\\nBrent Earls and Eellan Sivanesan\\r\\n 161. Dialysis and Hemofiltration 422\\r\\nMichael J. Gyorfi and Alaa Abd- Elsayed\\r\\n 162. Pharmacologic Prevention and Treatment of \\r\\nRenal Failure 424\\r\\nAnureet Walia and Archit Sharma\\r\\n 163. Urologic Surgery 426\\r\\nAllison K. Dalton\\r\\n 164. Perioperative Electrolyte Abnormalities 428\\r\\nBrent Earls and Eellan Sivanesan\\r\\n 165. Fluid Therapy and Homeostasis 432\\r\\nMiguel Rovira and Christopher Giordano\\r\\n 166. Fluid Balance During Surgery: The Role of the \\r\\nEndothelial Glycocalyx 434\\r\\nCharlotte Streetzel and Christopher Giordano\\r\\n 167. Assessment of Fluid Responsiveness and Goal-\\r\\nDirected Therapies 437\\r\\nJacqueline Sohn and Connor McNamara\\r\\n 168. Esophageal Doppler 440\\r\\nRoy Kim and Alaa Abd- Elsayed\\r\\n 169. Complications of Transurethral Resection of \\r\\nthe Prostate 442\\r\\nJacob Justinger and Soozan S. Abouhassan\\r\\n Part 15: Hematologic System \\r\\n 170. Anemia 447\\r\\nVictoria Shapiro and Heather Brosnan\\r\\n 171. Polycythemia 449\\r\\nVictoria Shapiro and Heather Brosnan\\r\\n 172. Thrombocytopenia and Thrombocytopathy 451\\r\\nVictoria Shapiro and Michael Chang\\r\\n 173. Congenital and Acquired Factor Deficiencies 454\\r\\nMeghan C. Hughes and Alaa Abd- Elsayed\\r\\n 174. Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation 456\\r\\nGretchen A. Lemmink and Jay Conhaim\\r\\n 175. Fibrinolysis 458\\r\\nColby B. Tanner and Elaine A. Boydston\\r\\n 176. Anticoagulants and Antagonists 461\\r\\nSuhas Devangam and Gretchen A. Lemmink\\r\\n 177. Coagulopathy in Trauma Patients 463\\r\\nTimothy Ford and Alaa Abd- Elsayed\\r\\n 178. Hemoglobinopathies and Porphyrias 465\\r\\nElizabeth Haynes and Nasir Hussain\\r\\n 179. Transfusion Indications and Reactions 468\\r\\nCourtney L. Scott and Elaine A. Boydston\\r\\n 180. Complications of Transfusion 471\\r\\nCourtney R. Jones and Maggie W. Mechlin\\r\\n 181. Transfusion Therapy for Massive Hemorrhage 473\\r\\nColby B. Tanner and Elaine A. Boydston\\r\\n 182. Transfusion Ratios 475\\r\\nAlbert Lee and Nathan Schulman\\r\\n 183. Use of Uncrossmatched Products 477\\r\\nChristina Stachur\\r\\n Part 16: Endocrine and Metabolic Systems \\r\\n 184. Anatomy of the Endocrine System 481\\r\\nRuzanna Nalbandyan and \\r\\nNawal E. Ragheb- Mueller\\r\\n 185. Hypopituitary Disease 483\\r\\nRuzanna Nalbandyan and \\r\\nNawal E. Ragheb- Mueller\\r\\n 186. Thyroid Gland 485\\r\\nEvgenev Romanov and Edward Noguera\\r\\n 187. Parathyroid Disease 488\\r\\nKarel T. S. Valenta and Kenneth S. Toth\\r\\n 188. Adrenal Disease 490\\r\\nAllison K. Dalton\\r\\n?????Oxford University Press?? xii • Contents\\r\\n \\r\\n 189. Carcinoid Syndrome 494\\r\\nSabrina S. Sam and Nawal E. Ragheb- Mueller\\r\\n 190. Diabetes Mellitus 496\\r\\nBenjamin B. G. Mori and Piotr Al-Jindi\\r\\n 191. Pancreas Transplantation 499\\r\\nGorneva Maria and Tzonkov Anna\\r\\n Part 17: Neuromuscular Diseases \\r\\nand Disorders \\r\\n 192. Multiple Sclerosis 503\\r\\nJustin L. O’Farrell and Maxim S. Eckmann\\r\\n 193. Motor Neuron Diseases 505\\r\\nAllison K. Dalton\\r\\n 194. Guillain- Barré Syndrome 507\\r\\nJustin L. O’Farrell and Maxim S. Eckmann\\r\\n 195. Charcot- Marie- Tooth Disease 509\\r\\nAnthony Fritzler\\r\\n 196. Muscular Dystrophies 511\\r\\nMaura C. Berkelhamer\\r\\n 197. Mitochondrial Myopathies 514\\r\\nMaura C. Berkelhamer\\r\\n 198. Myasthenia Gravis 516\\r\\nMichael Morkos and Daniel Cormican\\r\\n 199. Lambert- Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome 518\\r\\nSabrina S. Sam and Syena Sarrafpour\\r\\n 200. Congenital Myasthenic Syndromes 521\\r\\nSabrina S. Sam and Nawal E. Ragheb- Mueller\\r\\n 201. Ion Channel Myotonias, Myotonia Congenita, \\r\\nand Acquired Neuromyotonia 523\\r\\nMeghan C. Hughes and Alaa Abd- Elsayed\\r\\n 202. Hyperkalemic Periodic Paralysis 525\\r\\nBrett Simmons and David Matteson\\r\\n 203. Hypokalemic Periodic Paralysis 527\\r\\nBrett Simmons and David Matteson\\r\\n Part 18: Clinical Subspecialties \\r\\n 204. Painful Disease States 533\\r\\nTimothy Rushmer and Alaa Abd- Elsayed\\r\\n 205. Cancer Pain 535\\r\\nKevin E. Vorenkamp and Alaa Abd- Elsayed\\r\\n 206. Acute and Chronic Neck and Low Back Pain 537\\r\\nRichard Tennant and Alaa Abd- Elsayed\\r\\n 207. Neuropathic Pain States 540\\r\\nRobert H. Jenkinson and Alaa Abd- Elsayed\\r\\n 208. Complex Regional Pain Syndrome 542\\r\\nKim Mauer and Alaa Abd- Elsayed\\r\\n 209. Postherpetic Neuralgia 544\\r\\nAlaa Abd- Elsayed and Kim Mauer\\r\\n 210. Phantom Limb Pain 546\\r\\nKim Mauer and Alaa Abd- Elsayed\\r\\n 211. Peripheral Neuropathies 547\\r\\nKim Mauer and Alaa Abd- Elsayed\\r\\n 212. Postoperative Epidural Analgesia 549\\r\\nTimothy Rushmer and Alaa Abd- Elsayed\\r\\n 213. Neuraxial Opioids 551\\r\\nRobert H. Jenkinson and Alaa Abd- Elsayed\\r\\n 214. Patient- Controlled Analgesia 553\\r\\nRobert H. Jenkinson and Alaa Abd- Elsayed\\r\\n 215. Systemic Multimodal Analgesia 555\\r\\nRichard Lennertz and Kristin Bevil\\r\\n 216. Continuous Spinal and Epidural Anesthesia 557\\r\\nBrook Girma and Alan D. Kaye\\r\\n 217. Neurolytic and Nonneurolytic Blocks in Pain \\r\\nManagement 559\\r\\nTimothy Rushmer and Alaa Abd- Elsayed\\r\\n 218. World Health Organization (WHO) \\r\\nAnalgesic Ladder 561\\r\\nRobert H. Jenkinson and Alaa Abd- Elsayed\\r\\n Part 19: Pediatric Anesthesia \\r\\n 219. Apparatus and Breathing Circuits 567\\r\\nJamie W. Sinton\\r\\n 220. Endotracheal Tube Selection 569\\r\\nBalazs Horvath and Benjamin Kloesel\\r\\n 221. Warming Devices 572\\r\\nEric Brzozowski and Shelley Ohliger\\r\\n 222. Premedications 574\\r\\nNatalie R. Barnett and Ilana R. Fromer\\r\\n 223. Agents, Techniques, and Mapleson Circuits 576\\r\\nJamie W. Sinton\\r\\n 224. Induction Techniques 578\\r\\nSadiq S. Shaik and Lydia C. Boyette\\r\\n 225. Anesthetic Actions Different From Adults 580\\r\\nChristopher O. Fadumiye\\r\\n 226. Drug Toxicities Preferentially Occurring in Children 582\\r\\nCaylynn Yao and Elisha Peterson\\r\\n 227. Opioid Dosing and Sensitivity— Pediatrics 584\\r\\nRewais B. Hanna and Alaa Abd- Elsayed\\r\\n 228. Neuromuscular Blockers 586\\r\\nHarsh Nathani and Chike Gwam\\r\\n 229. Regional Anesthesia 588\\r\\nCassandra Hoffmann and Tiffany Frazee\\r\\n?????Oxford University Press?? Contents • xiii\\r\\n \\r\\n 230. Fluid Therapy and Blood Replacement 590\\r\\nIana Bilga and Anna Tzonkov\\r\\n 231. NPO Guidelines for Pediatric Patients 592\\r\\nJonathan W. Klein\\r\\n 232. Problems in Intubation and Extubation 593\\r\\nBalazs Horvath and Benjamin Kloesel\\r\\n 233. Neonatal Physiology 598\\r\\nNupur Dua and Ilana R. Fromer\\r\\n 234. Cardiovascular System 601\\r\\nBilga Iana and Chike Gwam\\r\\n 235. Metabolism, Fluid Distribution, and \\r\\nRenal Function 603\\r\\nElizabeth Kremen and Sahel Keshavarzi\\r\\n 236. Thermal Regulation 605\\r\\nDavid Bennett and Shelley Ohliger\\r\\n 237. Fetal Hemoglobin 607\\r\\nAlex Y. Chung and Dominic S. Carollo\\r\\n 238. Prematurity 610\\r\\nMichael J. Gyorfi and Alaa Abd- Elsayed\\r\\n 239. Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia 612\\r\\nJonathan W. Klein\\r\\n 240. Congenital Heart and Major Vascular Disease 613\\r\\nJamie W. Sinton\\r\\n 241. Cyanotic Defects 616\\r\\nJamie W. Sinton\\r\\n 242. Acyanotic Defects 618\\r\\nJamie W. Sinton\\r\\n 243. Pulmonary Hypertension 621\\r\\nBenjamin Kloesel and Balazs Horvath\\r\\n 244. Major Vascular Malformations 624\\r\\nBenjamin Kloesel and Balazs Horvath\\r\\n 245. Altered Uptake/ Distribution of Intravenous \\r\\nand Inhalation Anesthetics 627\\r\\nJamie W. Sinton\\r\\n 246. Cardiac Surgery: Corrective and Palliative 630\\r\\nJamie W. Sinton\\r\\n 247. Noncardiac Surgery 633\\r\\nJamie W. Sinton\\r\\n 248. Chronic Congenital Heart Disease 635\\r\\nJamie W. Sinton\\r\\n 249. Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia 639\\r\\nCassandra Wasson and Christina D. Diaz\\r\\n 250. Tracheoesophageal Fistula 642\\r\\nCassandra Wasson and Christina D. Diaz\\r\\n 251. Neonatal Lobar Emphysema 644\\r\\nJamie W. Sinton\\r\\n 252. Pyloric Stenosis 646\\r\\nMariam Batakji and Christina D. Diaz\\r\\n 253. Necrotizing Enterocolitis 648\\r\\nCassandra Wasson and Christina D. Diaz\\r\\n 254. Omphalocele and Gastroschisis 651\\r\\nRami Edward Karroum\\r\\n 255. Meconium Aspiration Syndrome 653\\r\\nHarsh Nathani and Chike Gwam\\r\\n 256. Respiratory Distress Syndrome 655\\r\\nJamie W. Sinton\\r\\n 257. Myelomeningocele 657\\r\\nRami Edward Karroum\\r\\n 258. Pneumo- , Hemo- , and Chylothoraces 660\\r\\nMichael J. Gyorfi and Alaa Abd- Elsayed\\r\\n 259. Upper Respiratory Infections (Colds, Epiglottitis, \\r\\nLaryngotracheobronchitis), Bronchopulmonary \\r\\nDysplasia, Cystic Fibrosis 662\\r\\nIrim Salik and Ashley Kelley\\r\\n 260. Musculoskeletal Disease 665\\r\\nJamie W. Sinton\\r\\n 261. Hydrocephalus 667\\r\\nJamie W. Sinton\\r\\n 262. Developmental Delay, Autism, and \\r\\nCerebral Palsy 669\\r\\nMaura C. Berkelhamer\\r\\n 263. Childhood Obesity 672\\r\\nIrim Salik\\r\\n 264. Skeletal Abnormalities in Children 674\\r\\nGina Montone and Jonathan Adams\\r\\n 265. Trisomy 21 (Down Syndrome) and \\r\\nVATER Association 676\\r\\nMariam Batakji and Christina D. Diaz\\r\\n 266. Chromosomal Abnormalities and Other \\r\\nCommon Pediatric Syndromes 678\\r\\nMariam Batakji and Christina D. Diaz\\r\\n 267. Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis 681\\r\\nAnthony Fritzler\\r\\n 268. Malignant Hyperthermia in Children 683\\r\\nNarbeh Edjiu and Howard B. Gutstein\\r\\n Part 20: Anesthetic Implications \\r\\nfor Common Nonneonatal Pediatric \\r\\nSubspecialty Surgery \\r\\n 269. Otolaryngology 689\\r\\nTimothy Ford and Alaa Abd- Elsayed\\r\\n 270. Neurosurgery 692\\r\\nItamar Latin and Kasia Rubin\\r\\n?????Oxford University Press?? xiv • Contents\\r\\n \\r\\n 271. Thoracic Surgery 694\\r\\nAlina Lazar\\r\\n 272. General and Urologic Surgery 696\\r\\nArif Valliani and Nimesh Patel\\r\\n 273. Orthopedic Surgery 698\\r\\nAlina Lazar\\r\\n 274. Anesthesia for Pediatric Ophthalmologic Surgeries 700\\r\\nNupur Dua and Wendy Nguyen\\r\\n 275. Pediatric Ambulatory Surgery 704\\r\\nMegan Rodgers McCormick\\r\\n 276. Systemic Medications and Routes of \\r\\nAdministration: Multimodal Analgesia 707\\r\\nSamiya L. Saklayen and Thomas Graul\\r\\n 277. Regional Techniques 709\\r\\nAlina Lazar\\r\\n 278. Pediatric Management of Postoperative Nausea \\r\\nand Vomiting 711\\r\\nLisgelia Santana\\r\\n 279. Pediatric Sedation 713\\r\\nKasia Rubin\\r\\n 280. Pediatric Anesthesia Outside the Operating Room 715\\r\\nHannah Masters and Christina D. Diaz\\r\\n Part 21: Obstetric Anesthesia \\r\\n 281. Maternal Physiology 721\\r\\nNimit K. Shah and Piotr Al-Jindi\\r\\n 282. Placenta 723\\r\\nRoneisha McLendon\\r\\n 283. Drugs and Adjuvants 725\\r\\nM. Anthony Cometa and Jordan Thompson\\r\\n 284. Oxytocic Drugs 727\\r\\nPiotr Al-Jindi and Nimit K. Shah\\r\\n 285. Tocolytic Drugs 729\\r\\nPiotr Al-Jindi and Bethany Potere\\r\\n 286. Mechanisms of Placental Transfer and Placental \\r\\nTransfer of Specific Drugs 731\\r\\nMuhammad Fayyaz Ahmed and Ihab Kamel\\r\\n 287. Fetal Disposition of Drugs 733\\r\\nAfshin Heidari and Ben Aquino\\r\\n 288. Drug Effects on the Newborn 735\\r\\nBen Aquino\\r\\n 289. Amniotic Fluid 737\\r\\nJames Urness and Ami Attali\\r\\n 290. Labor Analgesia 739\\r\\nIfomachukwu Uzodinma and Piotr Al- Jindi\\r\\n 291. Systemic Medications 742\\r\\nIfomachukwu Uzodinma and Piotr Al- Jindi\\r\\n 292. Other Blocks 744\\r\\nMark L. Stram\\r\\n 293. Complications of Obstetric Anesthesia 747\\r\\nPeter Lampert and Kristopher M. Schroeder\\r\\n 294. Physiology of Labor 750\\r\\nNwadiogo Ejiogu and Barbara Orlando\\r\\n 295. Influence of Anesthetic Technique on Labor 752\\r\\nMary J. Im and Ihab Kamel\\r\\n 296. Cesarean Section 754\\r\\nPiotr Al-Jindi and Ami Attali\\r\\n 297. Anesthesia for Cerclage or Nonobstetric Surgery 756\\r\\nRowaa Ibrahim and Ami Attali\\r\\n 298. Ectopic Pregnancy 758\\r\\nEdward Noguera\\r\\n 299. Spontaneous Abortion 760\\r\\nJoshua D. Younger and Monica Prasad\\r\\n 300. Gestational Trophoblastic Disease 761\\r\\nJoshua D. Younger\\r\\n 301. Autoimmune Disorders 763\\r\\nAnuschka Bhatia and Kevin W. Chung\\r\\n 302. Endocrine Disorders 766\\r\\nEric P. Zhou and Kevin W. Chung\\r\\n 303. Heart Disease 768\\r\\nMuhammad Fayyaz Ahmed and Ihab Kamel\\r\\n 304. Hematologic Disorders 771\\r\\nBenjamin M. Hyers and Kevin W. Chung\\r\\n 305. Hypertension 774\\r\\nMuhammad Fayyaz Ahmed and Ihab Kamel\\r\\n 306. Neurologic Disorders 776\\r\\nKatrina Brakoniecki and Kevin W. Chung\\r\\n 307. Respiratory Disorders 778\\r\\nDevin O’Conor and Kevin W. Chung\\r\\n 308. Renal Changes in Pregnancy 780\\r\\nJarna Shah\\r\\n 309. Fetal Monitoring 782\\r\\nShuchi Jain and Joshua D. Younger\\r\\n 310. Preeclampsia and Eclampsia 785\\r\\nAlina Genis\\r\\n 311. Supine Hypotensive Syndrome 787\\r\\nMuhammad Fayyaz Ahmed and Ihab Kamel\\r\\n 312. Aspiration of Gastric Contents 788\\r\\nMuhammad Fayyaz Ahmed and Ihab Kamel\\r\\n 313. Embolic Disorders 791\\r\\nMuhammad Fayyaz Ahmed and Ihab Kamel\\r\\n 314. Antepartum Hemorrhage 793\\r\\nMary J. Im and Ihab Kamel\\r\\n?????Oxford University Press?? Contents • x v\\r\\n \\r\\n 315. Postpartum Hemorrhage 795\\r\\nMary J. Im and Ihab Kamel\\r\\n 316. Cord Prolapse 797\\r\\nMuhammad Fayyaz Ahmed and Ihab Kamel\\r\\n 317. Retained Placenta 799\\r\\nMuhammad Fayyaz Ahmed and Ihab Kamel\\r\\n 318. Dystocia, Malposition, and Malpresentation 801\\r\\nDiana Feinstein and Daniella Miele\\r\\n 319. Maternal Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation 803\\r\\nSteven Zhou and Nasir Hussain\\r\\n 320. Fever and Infection 805\\r\\nHelen Pappas and Elizabeth Lange\\r\\n 321. Preterm Labor 807\\r\\nErika Taco and Kevin Spencer\\r\\n 322. Trial of Labor After Cesarean Delivery 809\\r\\nPiotr Al-Jindi and Nasir Hussain\\r\\n 323. Multiple Gestation 811\\r\\nSteven Knoblock and Joshua D. Younger\\r\\n 324. Neonatal Resuscitation 813\\r\\nIrim Salik and Tara Doherty\\r\\n 325. Apgar Scoring 817\\r\\nMuhammad Fayyaz Ahmed and Ihab Kamel\\r\\n 326. Umbilical Cord Blood Gas 819\\r\\nPritee Tarwade and Christine Acho\\r\\n 327. Intrauterine Surgery 821\\r\\nJarna Shah\\r\\n 328. Anesthetic Considerations in Breastfeeding 822\\r\\nLora B. Levin and Jeffrey W. Cannon\\r\\n Part 22: Otorhinolaryngology (ENT) \\r\\nAnesthesia \\r\\n 329. Airway Endoscopy, Microlaryngeal Surgery, and \\r\\nLaser Surgery 827\\r\\nRotem Naftalovich and James Schiffenhaus\\r\\n 330. Hazards and Complications 829\\r\\nRotem Naftalovich and Manan Nimish Shah\\r\\n 331. Intraoperative Thyroid and Parathyroid Function \\r\\nMonitoring 831\\r\\nKelsey E. Lacourrege and Alan D. Kaye\\r\\n 332. Nerve Injury Monitoring During ENT Surgery 832\\r\\nGarrett W. Burnett\\r\\n Part 23: Miscellaneous \\r\\n 333. Liposuction 837\\r\\nAlexandra N. Cole and Balram Sharma\\r\\n 334. Anesthesia for Laparoscopic Surgery 838\\r\\nMaria F. Ramirez and J. P. Cata\\r\\n 335. Ophthalmologic Anesthesia 841\\r\\nCamila Teixeira and Steven Minear\\r\\n 336. Orthopedic Anesthesia: Tourniquet \\r\\nManagement, Complications of Orthopedic \\r\\nSurgery, Regional Versus General Anesthesia 843\\r\\nAlberto Thomas and Jason Bang\\r\\n 337. Anesthesia for the Trauma Patient 845\\r\\nAlexander Rothkrug and Karim Fikry\\r\\n 338. Anesthesia for MRI 848\\r\\nAdi Cosic and Soozan S. Abouhassan\\r\\n 339. Hemorrhagic Shock 850\\r\\nColby B. Tanner and Elaine A. Boydston\\r\\n 340. Management of Traumatic Brain Injury 852\\r\\nBharathram Vasudevan and Ned F. Nasr\\r\\n 341. Mass Casualty Events 854\\r\\nAshok Kumar Manepalli and Stacey Watt\\r\\n 342. Chemical and Biological Warfare 857\\r\\nCassian Horoszczak and Stacey Watt\\r\\n 343. Anesthesia for Outpatient Surgery 860\\r\\nM. Anthony Cometa and Christopher Giordano\\r\\n 344. Patient Selection and Preoperative \\r\\nManagement 862\\r\\nAnna Moskal\\r\\n 345. Discharge Criteria and Postoperative Follow- up 865\\r\\nMatthew T. Connolly and Alaa Abd- Elsayed\\r\\n 346. Office- Based Anesthesia (OBA) 867\\r\\nAfshin Heidari and Ben Aquino\\r\\n 347. Geriatrics 869\\r\\nMaggie W. Mechlin and Courtney R. Jones\\r\\n 348. Pharmacological Implications: Effect of \\r\\nInhalational Agents on All Organs 871\\r\\nDillon Tinevez and Jai Jani\\r\\n 349. Shock States 873\\r\\nNikki Eden and Shobana Rajan\\r\\n 350. Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome 877\\r\\nMaria Gorneva and Anna Tzonkov\\r\\n 351. Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome 879\\r\\nPeter Shehata and Wael Ali Sakr Esa\\r\\n 352. Prescription Medication Overdose 880\\r\\nPeter Huynh and Alaa Abd- Elsayed\\r\\n 353. Carbon Monoxide Poisoning 882\\r\\nBen Aquino\\r\\n 354. Drowning 884\\r\\nDerek Brady Covington and \\r\\nChristopher Giordano\\r\\n 355. Infection Control 886\\r\\nDavid Jury and Edward Noguera\\r\\n?????Oxford University Press?? xvi • Contents\\r\\n \\r\\n 356. Needle- Stick Injury 889\\r\\nRamsey Saad and Joseph Salama Hanna\\r\\n 357. Intravascular Catheter and Urinary Catheter \\r\\nInfections 892\\r\\nZhe Ma and Kevin W. Chung\\r\\n 358. Ventilator- Associated Pneumonia 894\\r\\nRobert M. Owen and Kevin W. Chung\\r\\n 359. Antimicrobials 896\\r\\nMo Shirur and Kevin W. Chung\\r\\n 360. Mechanical Ventilation 898\\r\\nMena Abdelmalak and Kevin W. Chung\\r\\n 361. Postoperative Headache 901\\r\\nFeroz Osmani and Kevin W. Chung\\r\\n Part 24: Special Problems in \\r\\nAnesthesiology \\r\\n 362. Electroconvulsive Therapy 905\\r\\nGarrett W. Burnett\\r\\n 363. Organ Donors and Procurement 908\\r\\nMichael J. Gyorfi and Alaa Abd- Elsayed\\r\\n 364. Brain Death 910\\r\\nShahla Siddiqui\\r\\n 365. Radiological Procedures 911\\r\\nShahla Siddiqui\\r\\n 366. Ethics, Practice Management, Professionalism, \\r\\nand Medicolegal Issues 913\\r\\nShahla Siddiqui\\r\\n 367. Ethics: Advance Directives/ Do Not \\r\\nResuscitate Orders 914\\r\\nShahla Siddiqui\\r\\n 368. Malpractice 916\\r\\nPriyanka Ghosh\\r\\n 369. Initial Certification, Recertification, Maintenance \\r\\nof Certification, and Related Issues 917\\r\\nKatya H. Chiong and Soozan S. Abouhassan\\r\\n 370. Costs of Medical/ Anesthesia Care and Operating \\r\\nRoom Management 920\\r\\nEvan E. Lebovitz and Mitchell H. Tsai\\r\\n 371. Definitions 921\\r\\nJoseph Salama Hanna and Ramsey Saad\\r\\n 372. Medication Errors: Assessment and Prevention 923\\r\\nJoseph Salama Hanna and Ramsey Saad\\r\\n 373. Reporting: Mandatory and Voluntary Systems, \\r\\nLegal Requirements, Anesthesia Quality \\r\\nInstitute, and Physician Quality Reporting System 924\\r\\nRamsey Saad and Joseph Salama Hanna\\r\\n 374. Safety Practices 926\\r\\nRamsey Saad and Joseph Salama Hanna\\r\\n 375. Root Cause Analysis 928\\r\\nLuis Tueme and Nawal E. Ragheb- Mueller\\r\\n 376. Crisis Management and Teamwork 929\\r\\nMollie K. Lagrew and Christopher Giordano\\r\\n 377. Quality Improvement 931\\r\\nJoseph J. McComb and Corinne K. Wong\\r\\n 378. Six Sigma and Lean Operations for the \\r\\nAnesthesiologist 933\\r\\nCaitlin N. Curcuru and Dinesh J. Kurian\\r\\n 379. Barriers to Quality Improvement 935\\r\\nRamsey Saad and Joseph Salama Hanna\\r\\n 380. Federal Regulatory Requirements and Quality \\r\\nPayment Programs 936\\r\\nRamsey Saad and Joseph Salama Hanna\\r\\nIndex 939
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