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Anatomi Fisiologi Tubuh Manusia
Buku Anatomi Fisiologi Tubuh Manusia membahas struktur dan fungsi tubuh manusia secara sistematis, mulai dari sel, jaringan, organ, hingga berbagai sistem organ dalam tubuh. Pembaca diperkenalkan pada cara kerja sistem tubuh, seperti sistem pernapasan, pencernaan, peredaran darah, saraf, reproduksi, dan sistem lainnya.\\r\\n\\r\\nBuku ini membantu pembaca memahami hubungan antara struktur organ dan fungsinya dalam menjaga keseimbangan serta menjalankan berbagai proses kehidupan. Buku ini cocok bagi mahasiswa, pelajar, maupun pembaca yang ingin mempelajari dasar-dasar anatomi dan fisiologi tubuh manusia.\\r\\n\\r\\nDAFTAR ISI\\r\\nKATA PENGANTAR........................................................................................i\\r\\nDAFTAR ISI........................................................................................................ii\\r\\nDAFTAR GAMBAR..........................................................................................v\\r\\nDAFTAR TABEL...............................................................................................vii\\r\\nBAB 1KONSEP DASAR KOMPOSISI TUBUH MANUSIA................1\\r\\n1.1 Pendahuluan...................................................................................................1\\r\\n1.2 Pengertian Anatomi Dan Fisiologi......................................................2\\r\\n1.3 Hubungan Antara Anatomi Dan Fisiologi Anatomi Dan\\r\\nFisiologi ...............................................................................................................2\\r\\n1.4 Anatomi mikroskopis.................................................................................3\\r\\n1.5 Fisiologi..............................................................................................................4\\r\\n1.6 Sel ........................................................................................................................5\\r\\n1.7 Jaringan..............................................................................................................7\\r\\n1.8 Sistem Organ dalam Tubuh....................................................................8\\r\\nBAB 2KONSEP DASAR ANATOMI DAN FISIOLOGI SERTA\\r\\nISTILAH DASAR ANATOMI.........................................................................14\\r\\n2.1 Pendahuluan...................................................................................................14\\r\\n2.2 Devinisi anatomi fisiologi ........................................................................14\\r\\n2.3 Pengelompokkan di bidang anatomi fisiologi .............................15\\r\\n2.4 Istilah dalam anatomi fisiologi..............................................................15\\r\\n2.5 Arah gerakan...................................................................................................17\\r\\n2.6 Istilah dan posisi anatomi........................................................................22\\r\\n2.7 Nomenklatur yang berkaitan dengan anatomi...........................24\\r\\n2.8 Rongga pada sistem tubuh manusia .................................................25\\r\\n2.9 Tingkatan dalam tubuh manusia ........................................................26\\r\\n2.10 Beberapa sistem organ tubuh manusia........................................26\\r\\nBAB 3 SISTEM MUSKULELETAL..............................................................29\\r\\n3.1 Pengertian Sistem muskuloskeletal ..................................................29\\r\\n3.2 Sistem Muskuler ...........................................................................................30\\r\\n3.3 Sistem Skeletal/Rangka............................................................................35\\r\\nBAB 4 ANATOMI FISIOLOGI ENDOKRIN DAN GLAND\\r\\nENDOKRIN.........................................................................................................54\\r\\n4.1 Pendahuluan...................................................................................................54\\r\\n4.2 Definisi Gland Endokrin............................................................................55\\r\\n4.3 Tipe Dan Fungsi Kelenjar Endokrin...................................................55\\r\\n4.3.1 Tipe Kelenjar Endokrin..................................................................55 iii\\r\\n4.3.2 Fungsi Kelenjar Endokrin.............................................................55\\r\\n4.3.3 Fungsi Hormon ...................................................................................55\\r\\n4.4 Jenis– Jenis Kelenjar Dalam Sistem Endokrin..............................56\\r\\nBAB 5 SISTEM LIMFATIK............................................................................64\\r\\n5.1 Pendahuluan...................................................................................................64\\r\\n5.2 Sistem Limfatik..............................................................................................64\\r\\n5.2.1 Pembuluh Limfe .................................................................................65\\r\\n5.2.2 Nodus Limfatik...................................................................................67\\r\\n5.2.3 Limpa........................................................................................................68\\r\\n5.2.4 Kelenjar Timus ....................................................................................69\\r\\n5.2.5 Tonsil.........................................................................................................70\\r\\n5.3 Mekanisme pertahanan tubuh............................................................71\\r\\n5.3.1 Imunitas ..................................................................................................71\\r\\n5.3.2 Imunitas Seluler dan Humoral...................................................72\\r\\nBAB 6 ANATOMI DAN FISIOLOGI SISTEM URINARIA...................74\\r\\n6.1 Pendahuluan...................................................................................................74\\r\\n6.2 Anatomi Sistem Urinaria..........................................................................74\\r\\n6.2.1 Ginjal..........................................................................................................74\\r\\n6.2.2 Ureter........................................................................................................78\\r\\n6.2.3 Kandung Kemih..................................................................................79\\r\\n6.2.4 Uretra........................................................................................................80\\r\\n6.3 Fisiologi Sistem Urinaria..........................................................................81\\r\\n6.4 Proses Miksi (Rangsangan Berkemih).............................................82\\r\\n6.5 Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Berkemih...........................................85\\r\\nBAB 7 ANATOMI DAN FISIOLOGI SISTEM REPRODUKSI\\r\\nWANITA DAN PRIA........................................................................................88\\r\\n7.1 Definisi................................................................................................................88\\r\\n7.2 Sistem Repoduksi Wanita........................................................................88\\r\\n7.2.1 Genetalia Eksternal Wanita................................................................88\\r\\n7.2.2 Genetalia Internal Wanita....................................................................95\\r\\n7.3 Sistem Repoduksi Pria...............................................................................99\\r\\n7.3.1 Genetalia Eksternal Pria......................................................................99\\r\\n7.3.2 Genetalia Eksternal Pria.......................................................................101\\r\\nBAB 8 ANATOMI DAN FISIOLOGI SISTEM PERNAFASAN...........107\\r\\n8.1 Pendahuluan...................................................................................................107\\r\\n8.2 Pengertian ........................................................................................................107\\r\\n8.3 Anatomi Sistem Pernafasan...................................................................107\\r\\n8.4 Fisiologi Sistem Pernafasan....................................................................112 iv\\r\\n8.5 Kendali Sistem Pernafasan.....................................................................117\\r\\n8.6 Volume udara pernafasan.......................................................................118\\r\\n8.7 Frekuensi Pernafasan................................................................................119\\r\\n8.8 Gangguan Pada Sistem Pernafasan....................................................120\\r\\nBAB 9 ANATOMI DAN FISIOLOGI SISTEM PENCERNAAN...........123\\r\\n9.1 Pengertian Anatomi dan Fisiologi ......................................................123\\r\\n9.2 Anatomi Sistem Pencernaan..................................................................123\\r\\n9.3 Fisiologi Sistem Pencernaan..................................................................132\\r\\n9.4 Penyakit dan Cara Pencegahan Gangguan pada\\r\\nSistem Pencernaan........................................................................................133\\r\\nBAB 10ANATOMI FISIOLOGI PADA SISTEM PERKEMIHAN/\\r\\nURINARIA...........................................................................................................136\\r\\n10.1 Pendahuluan................................................................................................136\\r\\n10.2 Ginjal.................................................................................................................137\\r\\n10.3 Ureter ...............................................................................................................138\\r\\n10.4 Vesika Urinaria (Bledder).....................................................................139\\r\\n10.5 Uretra ...............................................................................................................140\\r\\n10.6 Proses Pembentukan Urine.................................................................141\\r\\n10.7 Karakteristik Urine...................................................................................142\\r\\n10.8 Mekanisme Pengeluaran Urine.........................................................143\\r\\nBAB 11 PROSES METABOLISME.............................................................145\\r\\n11.1 Pendahuluan................................................................................................145\\r\\n11.2 Metabolisme Karbohidrat....................................................................145\\r\\n11.2.1 Proses Metabolisme Karbohidrat..........................................145\\r\\n11.2.2 Gangguan Metabolisme Karbohidrat..................................151\\r\\n11.3 Metabolisme Protein.........................................................................152\\r\\n11.3.1 Proses Metabolisme Protein.....................................................152\\r\\n11.3.2 Gangguan Metabolisme Protein.............................................154\\r\\n11.4 Metabolisme Lemak.................................................................................154\\r\\n11.4.1 Proses Metabolisme Lemak.............................................................154\\r\\n11.4.2 Gangguan Metabolisme Lemak.....................................................156\\r\\nBIODATA PENULIS v\\r\\nDAFTAR GAMBAR\\r\\nGambar 1.1 : Organs Of The Human Body...................................................................5\\r\\nGambar 1.3 : Diagram Of A Typical Mammalian Cell ...........................................6\\r\\nGambar 2.1 : Pembagian Bidang Tubuh......................................................................16\\r\\nGambar 2.2 : Gerak Sendi Di Bidang Sagittal............................................................17\\r\\nGambar 2.3 : Gerak Sendi Bidang Frontal..................................................................19\\r\\nGambar 2.4 : Gerak Sendi Segmen Transverse.......................................................20\\r\\nGambar 2.5 : Gerakan Sendi Tubuh Gabungan (Multiplanar).......................21\\r\\nGambar 3.1 : OtotJantung, Otot Rangka, Dan Otot Polos..................................31\\r\\nGambar 3.2 : Otot Jantung....................................................................................................33\\r\\nGambar 3.3 : Tulang, Tendon, Ligamen Dantulang Rawan.............................35\\r\\nGambar 3.4 : Struktur Tulang.............................................................................................37\\r\\nGambar 3.5 : Tulang Rawan................................................................................................38\\r\\nGambar 3.6 : Mikroskopis Tulang Sejati......................................................................39\\r\\nGambar 3.7 : Tulang Kompak.............................................................................................40\\r\\nGambar 4.1 :Hypothalamus ...............................................................................................56\\r\\nGambar 4.2 : Kelenjar Pituitari..........................................................................................57\\r\\nGambar 4.3 :Hipofisis.............................................................................................................58\\r\\nGambar 4.4 : Kelenjar Epifisis...........................................................................................60\\r\\nGambar 4.5 : Kelenjar Suprarenalis................................................................................61\\r\\nGambar 4.6 : Kelenjar Endokrin.......................................................................................62\\r\\nGambar 5.1 : Bagian Utama Sistem Limfatik............................................................65\\r\\nGambar 5.2 : Pembuluh Limfe...........................................................................................66\\r\\nGambar 5.3 : Struktur Nodus Limfatik.........................................................................67\\r\\nGambar 5.4 : Limpa...................................................................................................................68\\r\\nGambar 5.5 : Kelenjar Timus..............................................................................................69\\r\\nGambar 5.6 : Tonsil...................................................................................................................70\\r\\nGambar 5.7 : Jenis Tonsil......................................................................................................70\\r\\nGambar 6.1: Anatomi Ginjal...............................................................................................75\\r\\nGambar 6.2: Anatomi Nefron............................................................................................77\\r\\nGambar 6.3: Struktur Nefron.............................................................................................77\\r\\nGambar 6.4: Vaskularisasi Ginjal ....................................................................................78\\r\\nGambar 6.5: Anatomi Kandung Kemih Dan Uretra Pria..................................79\\r\\nGambar 6.6: Anatomi Kandung Kemih Dan Uretra Wanita...........................80\\r\\nGambar 6.7: Pengaturan Pembentukan Urin..........................................................82\\r\\nGambar 6.8: Refleks Miksi...................................................................................................83\\r\\nGambar 6.9: Refleks Berkemih Pada Anak...............................................................84\\r\\nGambar 6.10 : Refleks Berkemih Pada Dewasa......................................................85\\r\\nGambar 7.1 : Genetalia Eksternal Wanita..................................................................88\\r\\nGambar 7.2 : Mons Pubis/ Mons Veneris ...................................................................89 vi\\r\\nGambar 7.3 : Labia Mayora..................................................................................................90\\r\\nGambar 7.3 : Labia Minora...................................................................................................91\\r\\nGambar 7.4 : Klitoris ................................................................................................................92\\r\\nGambar 7.5 :Hymen & Introitus Vagina .....................................................................93\\r\\nGambar 7.6 : Vulva....................................................................................................................94\\r\\nGambar 7.7 : Perineum...........................................................................................................94\\r\\nGambar 7.8 : Vagina..................................................................................................................96\\r\\nGambar 7.9 : Serviks ................................................................................................................97\\r\\nGambar 7.10 : Uterus...............................................................................................................98\\r\\nGambar 7.11 : Tuba Faloppi................................................................................................98\\r\\nGambar 7.12 : Ovarium..........................................................................................................99\\r\\nGambar 7.13 : Penis..................................................................................................................100\\r\\nGambar 7.14 : Skrotum..........................................................................................................101\\r\\nGambar 7.15 : Testis ................................................................................................................102\\r\\nGambar 7.16 : Epididimis.....................................................................................................103\\r\\nGambar 7.17 :Duktus Deferens........................................................................................103\\r\\nGambar 7.18 : Vesika Seminalis........................................................................................104\\r\\nGambar 7.19 :Duktus Ejakulatorius..............................................................................104\\r\\nGambar 7.20 : Glandula Bulborethral...........................................................................105\\r\\nGambar 8.1: Anatomi Organ Pernafasan....................................................................109\\r\\nGambar 8.2 : Anatomi Hidung ...........................................................................................109\\r\\nGambar 8.3 : Anatomi Paru.................................................................................................112\\r\\nGambar 8.4 : Transportasi Oksigen (O2) Dalam Tubuh Manusia..............114\\r\\nGambar 10.1 : Anatomi Sistem Urinaria .....................................................................137\\r\\nGambar 10.2 : Anatomi Ginjal............................................................................................138\\r\\nGambar 10.3 : Anatomi Vesika Urinaria......................................................................139\\r\\nGambar 10.4 : Uretra Pada Laki-Laki............................................................................140\\r\\nGambar 10.5 : Uretra Pada Wanita.................................................................................141\\r\\nGambar 11.1 : Penggunaan Glukosa Di Hati.............................................................148\\r\\nGambar 11.2 : Produksi ATP..............................................................................................151\\r\\nGambar 11.3 : Ringkasan Proses Metabolisme ......................................................157 vii\\r\\nDAFTAR TABEL\\r\\nTabel 2.1 : Evaluasi gerak sendi 1....................................................................21\\r\\nTabel 2.2 : Evaluasi gerak sendi 2....................................................................22\\r\\nTabel 4.1 :Hormon dan Target Organ..........................................................57\\r\\nTabel 11.1 : Metabolisme Karbohidrat Saat Makan dan Puasa......150\\r\\nTabel 11.2 : Metabolisme Protein Saat Makan dan Puasa.................153\\r\\nTabel 11.3 : Metabolisme Lemak Saat Makan dan Puasa..................155
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